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一列出殡队伍正经过布鲁塞尔的鹅卵石街道 A funeral cortege clatters its way through the cobbled streets of Brussels.
棺材里躺着的是 Inside the carriage is the body
法国曾经最具影响力的画家的尸体 of the most powerful French painter there had ever been.
希拉克.路易斯.大卫 Jacques-Louis David.
棺材后面跟着的是由艺术学生组成的送葬队伍 Following the carriage is a solemn procession of art students,
他们高举着一张张布告 上面列着大卫作品的名字 holding up placards with the names of his paintings.
其中至少有一幅作品非常重要 All but one, which happened to be the greatest of them all.
这幅作品曾经被尘封了30年之久 It was a picture which hadn't seen the light of day for 30 years.
没有人 除了画家本人-敢于把它公之于众 No one, least of all the man who painted it, dared show it.
毫不奇怪 这应该是有史以来最蛊惑人心的作品 No wonder. It was the most spellbinding thing he had ever made.
它令众人痴迷陶醉 A painting before which people had once swooned.
它集美丽与丑恶与一身 A painting both beautiful and repulsive.
同时这幅作品还有一个见不得人的秘密 But the picture was also a guilty secret,
这也是为什么大卫的尸体不能安葬在法国的原因 the real reason why David's body was refused burial in France.
那么 这幅作品究竟画的是什么呢 So, what was it about this painting
以至于在成就其伟大的同时又犯下了不可饶恕的罪恶 which made it both his unforgettable masterpiece and his unforgivable crime?
艺术的力量：大卫
1783年9月19日 On the 19th September, 1783,
一个由平纹皱丝织品做成的气球摇摇晃晃的 an enormous taffeta spheroid wobbled its way unsteadily
向凡尔赛宫上的天空升去 above the palace of Versailles.
吊篮里有羊鸭公鸡各一只 In the basket were a sheep, a duck and a rooster.
当一阵强风掠过气球上空时 When a violent gust of wind made a tear near the top of the balloon,
这些来自谷仓院子里的航天员们显得有些慌乱 there were fears for the barnyard aeronauts.
最终气球还是平安着陆了 乘客们安然无恙 In the end, though, the balloon survived and it was judged the animals had not suffered.
可这种举动已经违规了 This was, though, a major breach of protocol.
凡尔赛宫自建立以来就禁止参观 Versailles had been built to control spectacle.
所以其中的秘密也就不为外人所知 That way, the mystery of absolutism was preserved.
在地面上 从某种程度上说仍然是一派贵族统治的景象 On the ground, it was still, to some extent, an aristocratic vision.
但是在空中充斥的则是民主的气息 In the air, it'd become democratic.
在巴黎则是一种彻骨的寒冷 In Paris, a more down-to-earth thrill.
博马舍的作品“费加罗的婚礼”在经过严审以后得以公映 Beaumarchais'play, The Marriage of Figaro, is about to open after several government bans.
国王认为该剧俗不可耐 这同时也预示了观众肯定不会少 The king had called it detestable. That guaranteed a crowd.
不 先生 No, monsieur.
就因为自己是一位伟大的国王 你就以为自己也是个天才了吗 Because you are a great lord, you think you're a great genius?
出身名门 地位显赫 Nobility, rank,
大权在握 金银满屋 这些东西令男人们感到骄傲无比 position, fortune, how proud they make a man feel.
可你凭什么就该拥有这些 What have you done to deserve such advantages?
要不是投了个好胎 Put yourself to the trouble of being born, nothing more. For the rest...
你丫儿也是平头百姓一个 ...you're a very ordinary man.
没有任何迹象表明那些贵族们动动嘴就能毁灭这些勇敢者 There were no signs that the bravos died on the lips of the nobility,
即使他们开始认识到这种言语攻击的重要性 even as they began to realise the significance of the attack.
还是来谈谈签署你自己的死亡执行命令吧 Talk about signing your own death warrant.
但是后来不到10年的光景 他们（贵族）就知道了实情的严重性 But then, how were they to know that, in under 10 years,
他们遭受的苦难远非那些言语攻击可比 they'd be on the receiving end of something far more wounding than words.
市民们 你们看看吧 Look, citizens,
荣光就在前头等着我们呢 at the glorious destiny that awaits us.
全国人民都在等着呢 You have a whole nation to mobilise.
如果没有这出舞台剧的话 Still, the French Revolution could never have happened
也许法国大革命永远也不会发生 without this sense of theatre.
诸如丹东这样伟大的演说家们(1759-1794法国革命领袖)就是演员 他们不知羞耻的在戏院卖力的演出着 Its great orators, like Danton, were performers, shamelessly playing to the gallery,
喝彩声与嘘声搅在一起 milking the cheers and the hisses.
真理可是站在我们一方的 Reason fights on your side,
所以世人都不会（对我们的举动）感到惊讶 and you have not even begun to astonish the world.
如果他们这些人真是要去创造一个新的法国的话 And if they were really going to create a new France,
他们就需要有人来创作一些宣传画 they needed someone to create images to go with the words.
这人就是希拉克.路易斯.大卫 That someone was Jacques-Louis David.
是大卫让人们认识到了一个真正的市民该是什么样子 It was David who would give people the vision of what a true citizen was.
与画廊陈列的作品素材不同 他的作品展示的是关于生命 His art, then, wasn't meant as gallery fodder. It was an entire way of life.
或者死亡 Or death.
从这幅画上 除了感觉到深深的冲突之外我不能确定还有其它什么东西 I'm not sure how I feel about this painting, except deeply conflicted.
是的 这是一种带有悲剧性质的美丽 Yes, it's tragically beautiful.
但是这种说法会把它与创作时令人惊骇的场景割裂开来 But to say that is to separate it from the appalling moment of its creation.
这是马拉 他是法国革命狂热支持者中最具偏执性格的一个 This is Jean-Paul Marat, the most paranoid of the Revolution's fanatics.
他在浴室中被人刺杀 He's been assassinated in his bath.
马拉经常和恐怖与杀戮联系在一起 Marat was someone for whom there could never be enough terror, never enough killing.
但是对于大卫来说 马拉不是个怪物 而是个圣人 But for David, Marat isn't a monster. He's a saint.
这幅画把马拉塑造成了一个德行的典范 This painting transforms Marat into a paragon of virtue.
惊险吧 肯定会的 Breathtaking? For sure.
但是也带有少许的疯狂 But maybe also just a little mad.
这并不是说大卫是个有点怀心肠的狂想者 Which isn't to say that Jacques-Louis David was some sort of malevolent crackpot.
他终其一生都在寻找着德行的真谛 All his life, he was really only looking for virtue.
有些事情在他内心留下了痛苦的烙印 他变成了一个不屈不挠沉默寡言的人 There was something painfully earnest about him, resolute, self-contained.
一点也不奇怪 真的 在他七岁的时候 Not surprising, really. When he was seven,
他那做钢铁生意的父亲在决斗中被手枪击毙了 his father, an iron merchant, had been killed in a pistol duel.
所以 与铁有关的东西就深深的植入了他的内心深处 Something iron must have entered the boy's soul.
友善的伯父照料着他 He was looked after by friendly uncles
伯父希望他将来能成为律师或者建筑师 但是大卫眼中只有绘画 who wanted him to be a lawyer or an architect, but David would hear of nothing but painting.
所以伯父把他送到了大卫母亲的表亲那里 So the uncles sent him on to his mother's cousin,
而那个人刚好就是法国最有名的画家 who just happened to be the most successful painter in France.
弗朗克斯.布歇非常了解艺术是如何为贵族服务的 Francois Boucher knew exactly what art was supposed to deliver for the nobility.
粉嘟嘟的迷人眼睛就像想象中的糖果一样诱人 The pinkest, flossiest eye candy imaginable,
这些玫瑰色的游荡者在云端嬉闹 rosy bums romping on frothy pillows.
但是身处这个愉快的行业 他常常不回家 他是个孤独的人 But David would never be at home in the pleasure industry. He was a loner.
他曾经参加了一场决斗 面颊上受了剑伤 Once he got involved in a swordfight, and took a vicious slash on his cheek.
伤口渐渐长成了一个良性肿瘤 人们首先看到的就是这个东西 The wound grew into a benign tumour. That was the first thing anyone noticed about him.
他的敌人这样称呼他“肿面颊的大卫” His enemies would call him, ''David with the swollen cheek. '
这种情形常常发生 不管是巴黎的大街小巷还是酒吧沙龙 Accidents like this happened every day. Walk down any Paris street or into any salon,
你会发现许许多多的残废和面目损伤者 and you would have seen a rich gallery of the deformed and the disfigured.
可怕的天花留下的疤痕 先天足畸形 兔唇等等 Terrible smallpox scars, club feet, harelips, the lot.
但是这些情况中有些无关紧要 有些却至关重要 大卫的肿面颊就很重要 But some accidents matter to people and some don't. This one did.
这使得大卫不能正常的交谈 David's disfigurement meant he couldn't talk properly.
很少有人能听清楚他在说些什么 所以他的话也就慢慢的少起来了 Few people could understand what he was saying, so he ended up not saying very much.
当必须要说些什么的时候 他痛苦的意识到自己就像是个结巴 When he did talk, he was painfully conscious of being a stammerer.
如果历史上曾经有个机智诙谐与开玩笑真的那么要紧的时期的话 If there was ever a moment in history when wit and banter really mattered,
那就是18世纪的法国 it was surely in 18th-century France.
但是“肿面颊大卫”不能正常说话 他只能咕哝 But David of the swollen cheek couldn't talk, he couldn't chat, he just mumbled.
不过对于大卫来说 或许还有一个安慰 Maybe there was one consolation,
因为有个因为其缺陷而著名的人 for there was someone else who was famous for his handicaps in the wit department,
而这个人恰巧就是国王 and he happened to be the king.
路易十六生来就担心得不到幸福 Louis XVI was born to worry about happiness.
他的祖父路易十五设计建造了凡尔赛宫 His grandfather, Louis XV, had designed Versailles around its pursuit.
但是对于他这个年轻的继任者 幸福却成了一件困难的事情 But for his young successor, happiness would always be hard work.
对于路易十六来说 The saddest thing about Louis XVI
最悲哀的莫过于那个老去的国王是旧时代的反动典型 was that the king who went down in history as the reactionary symbol of the old regime
他老是认为自己非常现代 特别钟情于科学技术 actually thought of himself as thoroughly modern, deeply into science and technology.
气球 当然是越多越好了 Balloons? Couldn't get enough of them.
他那有着灾难结局的统治有一个光明乐观的开始 His reign, which ended in catastrophe, began in a sunburst of giddy optimism,
而且其个人爱好也颇不一样 and a change in taste, too.
他走出辉煌的宫殿 带进来的是谦逊的作风 成了自然的信徒 Out went gold ormolu, in came modesty, the cult of nature.
甚至路易十六的奥地利皇后玛丽.安托瓦内特也成了一个（自然的）信徒 Even Louis XVI's young Austrian queen, Marie Antoinette, was a devotee.
她在凡尔赛宫建造了一个小农场 并到皇家牛奶场去挤奶 She built a toy farm here at Versailles, went off milking cows in the royal dairy.
所以 沙发床和情妇就少了 So, no more couches and courtesans.
代之以的是柔和与朴素 Instead, tenderness, simplicity.
眼泪很好的表现了人物的内心感受 Tears were especially prized as evidence of feeling.
类似的作品得以流传下来 Paintings like this went down well.
由让-巴普蒂斯特.格莱兹创作的“为死去的金色雀哭泣的女孩” Girl Weeping Over Dead Canary by Jean-Baptiste Greuze.
人们看着这幅画的时候也会哭泣 People wept when they saw it.
这种感觉对于大卫来说亦具意义 Feelings mattered to David, too,
但与时尚精英们的那种浅陋的感觉不同 but not the shallow kind embraced by the fashionable elite.
不 大为找寻的是某些更加坚毅的元素 No, David was in search of something steelier.
他在罗马的这些石头中找到了 It was amidst the stones of Rome that he found it.
对于大卫来说 在这里一切都改变了 不仅仅是他的艺术观 Everything changed for David here. Not just what he thought about art,
还有他对于自己祖国未来的想法 but what he thought about the future of his country.
那么这些石头究竟告诉了他什么呢 So what were the stones telling him?
他们说 这就是颓废帝王们的下场 ''This is what happens to decadent empires, '' they said.
曾经有一个自由的罗马 一个共和政体 Once there had been a free Rome, the Republic,
它简单朴素 精力充沛 英雄无数 austere, just, virile, packed with flinty heroes.
但是阴柔的女性奢华却终结了它的生命 But effeminate luxury had killed it.
自由向专制低下了头 于是罗马人都成了奴隶 Liberty had surrendered to despotism and the Romans had become slaves.
这条来自历史的讯息是如何与大卫的心灵产生共鸣的呢 How that message from history echoed in David's fertile brain.
在1785年 大卫把这条信息传达了出来 And in 1785, David delivered that message,
对于那些自满的掌权者来说这可是坏消息 like a package of bad news for the complacent and the over-powdered.
欢迎来到在卢浮宫举办的 Welcome to the first public art show in the world,
世界上第一个公共艺术展 in the palace of the Louvre, no less.
这里并不老是个安静的博物馆 This wasn't always a hushed museum.
在巴黎 这里每两年都会举办一场免费的盛大娱乐活动 Every two years, it staged the greatest public entertainment in Paris, and it was free.
传言说将会展出一幅激动人心的作品 Word had got out there was something sensational to see.
大卫的“何拉提之誓” Jacques-Louis David's Oath of the Horatii.
这是一幅与处于危机中的国家有关的作品 It's a painting about a country in crisis.
为了避免战争 罗马条选出三名勇士 To avoid war, the Romans have chosen three of their men
与三位敌手对决 生者即胜者 to fight with three from the enemy. Last one standing wins.
残酷的现实却是其中一名罗马勇士的妻子是敌方的一员 The cruel twist is that one of the Roman boys is married to an enemy girl.
要么成为寡妇 要么成为孤儿 Widowhood and orphanhood beckon.
但是勇士们却丝毫没有考虑到这些 But none of the men are paying the slightest attention to that.
这是一幅关于道义的作品 展示的是强壮的肌肉 怒张的血管 还有钢铁般的意志 This is a boys' bonding picture, a tight-packed display of muscle, veins and steel.
唯一飘扬的色彩是披肩的血红色 The only splash of colour is the blood red of that cape.
父亲庄严的宣誓他们要么征服敌人要么死亡 The father solemnly swears them to conquer or die,
他的手掌握着锋利的刀锋 his naked hand on the sharp blade.
至少有六万人将会赶来参观这幅作品 At least 60,000 people would have come to the exhibition to see this painting,
里面不但有要人 还有小店主 泼妇 and not just the bigwigs either, but shopkeepers, fishwives,
整个底层社会的人们都来了 the whole sweaty, growling public.
他们将成为大卫的子民 They would be David's people.
看着由线条构成的死亡在舞动 And they looked at that strange line dance of death,
人们却不知道是否应该感到恐惧 and they didn't know whether to be thrilled or scared.
这种感觉就像在危机来临之前的动员号召 It felt like a call to arms in the face of a great crisis.
而这场危机并非发生在古罗马 And that crisis was happening not in ancient Rome, but here and now,
而是此时此地路易十六的法国 in Louis XVI's France.
向先前的其它革命一样 金融体系率先崩溃了 It began, as so many revolutions do, with a financial meltdown.
法国曾经以帮助美国获得独立而感到骄傲 France had taken pride in helping America to win independence,
但是这让它付出了巨大的代价 but it had come at a huge cost.
避免金融体系的破产就意味着要征收更多的税 Avoiding bankruptcy meant more taxes.
所以老的笨问题又来了 So, awkward questions were being asked
为什么贵族和神职人员就可以免税 about why the nobility and the clergy were tax-exempt,
而穷苦的普通大众就得掏空腰包 while the scarecrow poor were supposed to empty their pockets.
难道我们真是共同生活在一个国家里吗 Wasn't the nation all in it together?
说到国家 一个新概念出现了 The nation? Well, that was a new idea.
既然我们同处一个国家 为什么不选举代表（来替我们行使权利）呢 And while we're at it, how about elected representatives, too?
噢 这并不是说新法国仍然还是君主政体 Oh, it went without saying that the new France would still be a monarchy.
皇后得需要大量的钻石来装饰宫殿 The queen, with all those diamonds, needed putting in her place,
但是我们的国王却还不错 but the king was a good fellow.
我们没有理由要发动一场社会大动乱 No reason to assume a social apocalypse around the corner.
然而大卫却以为那并不意味着一场小改革就不能起作用 For a while, that's how David himself felt, which didn't mean a little reform wouldn't help.
尸位素餐的家伙实在是太多了 There was a lot of deadwood around.
首先在绘画学院里的这些家伙得滚蛋 For a start, those non-entities at the Academy of Painting, they'd have to go.
当大卫穷困潦倒时 这些人给他吃了四次闭门羹 When he was a struggling artist, they'd rejected him four times.
如今他成功了 这些人简直不能容忍他 Now he was successful, they barely tolerated him.
好吧 这些人已经完了 不管怎样 他们已经没有用处了 Well, their time was up. Anyway, he didn't need them any more.
他如今的追随者不但聪明 而且思想自由 Now he had intelligent, liberal-minded followers.
这里就是其中两个 他们富有 聪慧而且待人和蔼 Here are two of those good eggs, rich, smart and affable.
察明夫妇 安东尼和玛丽.安妮.拉沃歇尔 Mr and Mrs Charming, Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier.
他是一个著名的试验化学家 He is a famous experimental chemist.
地上的长颈瓶是用来测量气体的 That flask on the floor is for measuring gases.
玛丽.安妮在13岁的时候就嫁给了他 她的角色已经不仅仅是妻子这么简单了 Marie-Anne, who'd married him at 13, was more than a wife.
不经意搭在肩头的素手告诉我们她是一个真正的伴侣 That casual hand on his shoulder tells us she was a true partner,
她为丈夫翻译英文文献 还为他的著作创作插图 translating articles from English for him, designing illustrations for his books.
他的钱财虽然来的虽然很辛苦 但是他却有社会道德心 He's filthy rich, but he does have a social conscience.
他捐献了许多钱用在排干沼泽地 A lot of his money has been put into draining swamps
这是为了根除疟疾 类似的事情他做了很多 to eradicate malaria, that sort of thing.
看着这幅肖像 你会认为在大卫眼中 To look at the portrait, you'd think David has captured a vision
这正是应该管治法国的那种人 of the kind of people who ought to be governing France,
仁慈 和蔼可亲 具有现代思想 humane, affectionate and modern.
为了7000里弗 他可没有想着要为另一位化学家拉瓦锡画像 Well, for 7,000 livres, he wasn't even going to hint at the other Lavoisier,
那位化学家可是靠一支私人军队来为他征税敛财的 the one who made money collecting taxes with the help of a private army.
不 大卫接受了他的酬金 但是就要在卢浮宫展示作品时 No, David took his fee, but when the time came for him to show the painting at the Louvre,
他选择了放弃 但是当时他一定会那么做的 不是吗 he ended up withdrawing it. But then he would, wouldn't he?
因为在完成创作与展出开始之间这段时期 法国发生了剧变 Between the paint drying and the show opening, everything in France had changed.
在1789年 It was 1789.
希望与绝望并存 Hope and desperation in equal parts.
希望源自于一个代表大会 Hope from a representative assembly,
三级会议在全国遍地举行 the Estate's General elected from thousands of meetings all over France.
但是同样也有绝望 因为时机太差 But desperation too, because it was happening at the worst possible time.
粮食欠收 粮价飞涨 Harvest wipeouts, soaring prices.
把希望与绝望放在一起 你会得到什么呢 Put hope and desperation together, and what do you get?
在政治游戏中这如同一个炸药包 The political equivalent of nitroglycerine.
当三级会议于1789年春季在凡尔赛宫举行的时候 When the Estate's General met here in Versailles, in the spring of 1789,
当到了最后的时候 所有的问题归结成了一个 代表们或是还按老规矩办事 it all boiled down to one question. Would the deputies do it the old way,
会议还分成三个等级进行 meeting as three separate orders,
即贵族 僧侣和平民 抑或采用新的方式 nobles, clergy and commoners, or would they do it the new way,
大家不分等级以一个整体来参加会议 and for the first time come together as a single national assembly?
在平民代表中有一个年轻的律师 名叫罗伯斯皮尔 The commoners, among them a young lawyer, Maximilien Robespierre,
他强调了这一论点 forced the issue,
他宣布他们才是唯一的合法团体 declaring themselves the only legitimate body,
并欢迎贵族和僧侣加入 priests and nobles welcome to join.
众多贵族和僧侣也竟然同意了 A surprising number of them did.
当时是1789年6月20日 It's the 20th June, 1789,
这就像一场晚春的倾盆大雨 and it's one of those late-spring torrential downpours.
于是600名第三等级平民代表 And the 600 deputies of the Third Estate, the commoners,
加上新加入进来的僧侣贵族成员 plus their new allies among the nobles and the clergy,
被锁在了会议厅外面 have been locked out of their meeting hall.
其中有叫吉若丹的医生 他知道附近有个网球场 A certain Doctor Guillotin knows a tennis court quite close by.
巴黎市长 让-西尔凡·巴伊突然就成了演出的主角 The mayor of Paris, Sylvain Bailly, is suddenly the star of the show.
我们向上帝宣誓 祖国永远也不会分裂 Swear an oath to God and the fatherland never to separate,
直到我们达成一部合理公正的宪法 until we have made a sound and just constitution.
第一次 贵族僧侣和资产阶级 For the first time, aristocrats, clergy and bourgeoisie were meeting together
在没有国王的允许下在一起召开了会议 without the king's permission.
大家伸开手臂 相互拥抱 生命与艺术站在了一起 Arms stretch, bodies embrace, life had caught up with art.
大卫在罗马的醍醐灌顶成就了一个新的法国 David's Rome reborn was the new France.
一年后 大卫开始创作“网球场之誓” A year later, David got to work on his depiction of the Tennis Court Oath.
画中一派喧闹景象 仿佛能听到大家吼出的誓言 It's a picture filled with noise. The roar of the oath.
仿佛是一场雷电交加的风暴 The crash of a great electrical storm.
这场革命就像一种无法阻挡的自然力量 The Revolution as an unstoppable force of nature.
其中心的空间是如此巨大 And at the centre of it all, an enormous space.
却又不是空荡荡的 Except it's not empty at all.
里面充满了闪电轰鸣狂风呼啸 那是自由的狂暴能量在活动 It's filled with light and rushing wind, the furious energy of liberty.
这是一种信念 It's an idea.
它是如此巨大 引发了它的人类在它面前显得如此渺小 An idea so big, it dwarfs the humans who enact it.
这幅画的本来是要创作成为一幅大型绘画 The drawing was supposed to be turned into a huge painting.
这只是其中一小部分 但是你也看到了 它到最后也没有完成 This is just a small section of it. But as you can see, it was never finished.
在大卫能为这些裸体模特穿上衣服之前 Before David even had a chance to put clothes on these nude models,
他们其中许多人就被杀死或者羞辱了 many of them would be dead or disgraced.
传递统一与自由的讯息很快就过时了 The great message of unity and freedom would soon be quaintly out of date.
大家不再相互拥抱 代之以的是相互指指点点 Instead of arms outstretched, there was an epidemic of finger-pointing.
1789年的春天本应为重生的法国带来一个光明的前景 July 1789 ought to have been a moment of golden optimism for the reborn France.
看起来路易十六最终还是接受了“网球场之誓”的结果 Louis XVI seemed finally to have accepted the results of the Tennis Court Oath,
即法国如今有一个国民大会这个事实 that there was now a National Assembly in France.
但是在巴黎皇宫 But here in the Palais Royale, the Speaker's Corner of Paris,
却没有人真正相信他 nobody actually believed him.
人们说国王在巴士底狱秘密的安置了炸药 People said the king had secretly stocked the fortress of the Bastille with gunpowder,
所以巴黎就等着导火线被点燃了 so Paris was literally a powder keg waiting to happen.
7月14日早晨 大约900名群众汇集到了巴士底 On the morning of July 14th, a crowd of about 900 converged on the grim fortress.
经常都一样 不是吗 有人慌了神开了枪 但是没有人知道是哪一方先开火的 It's always the same, isn't it? Someone panics, there's a first shot. No one knows from where.
大家喊着“杀啊” Cries of ''Massacre!''
然后是一通猛烈的交火 Then, a serious exchange of fire.
混乱持续了一下午 83人丢了性命 最终政府交出了巴士底狱 It took an afternoon of chaos and 83 lives before the governor yielded the Bastille.
他被保证会得到安全通行证 He was promised safe conduct.
但是他得到的却是头被刀子割了下来 What he got was his head cut off with a fruit knife.
但是 是谁说革命是不会流血的呢 But then, whoever said revolutions were going to be bloodless?
这里是大卫为斩首行动做出的贡献 Here's David's contribution to the decapitation campaign.
这是他所做过的最黑暗的事情了 It's the darkest thing he ever did.
这次的主角又是一个罗马父亲 It's a Roman father again.
布鲁斯(罗马政治家,暗杀恺撒者之一) 他正在黑暗中沉思 Brutus, brooding in the darkness,
他曾经为了恢复君主政体 亲手处决了自己的儿子 has ordered the execution of his sons, for plotting to bring back the monarchy.
当儿子们的无头尸体带回来时 他甚至看都不看一眼 Their headless bodies are brought to him, and he literally doesn't look back.
只有他的那只右脚泄漏出了他的些许内心感受 Only that right foot is a sign of his repressed emotion.
布鲁斯已经走进了阴影中 Brutus has gone to the dark side.
光线照向孩子们的母亲 她直勾勾的盯着孩子们的尸体 Light floods the boys' mother, who sees only her headless children.
你能感受到她内心的苦痛挣扎 You feel the tug of the heart.
就像大卫其它伟大作品一样 在这幅画中有种彻骨的寒冷 There's something chilling about this painting, like all David's great pictures.
即便你会禁不住去赞叹它的伟大 但是作品的内涵却能让你的血液冰冻 Even as you marvel at its brilliance, your blood runs cold at what it's saying.
让我们看着画面的中心区域 Look what's at the dead centre of the picture,
一把锋利的剪刀 这把坚硬冰冷的金属把家庭的纽带剪断了 a pair of sharp scissors, the hard, cold metal that's cut the family ties.
大卫好像和刀锋颇有缘分 David seems to have a thing about blades.
它们曾经弄伤了他的脸庞 如今自己的心灵也留下了伤疤 They've marked his face and now they've marked his mind.
从父亲到祖国的距离是如此之近 From father to fatherland is but a short step.
在革命最初的两年里 大家很快从兴奋转入了偏执状态 The first two years of the Revolution swung wildly from mass euphoria to paranoia,
大家放肆的纵酒狂欢 因为私人恩怨寻机报复 orgies of public hugging, spasms of vindictive lynching.
大家为什么如此的狂躁 因为大家仍然还很饿 Why the anger? Because people were still hungry.
面包的价格高的出奇 Bread prices had gone through the roof,
而大家发现饿了又不能把选票当饭吃 and people had discovered you couldn't eat votes.
必须得有人为此负责 Someone was to blame.
带着嘲弄神情的市场上的女人称呼他们为“烤面包的夫妻” ''The baker and the baker's wife', the jeering market women called them,
于是路易斯和玛丽.安东尼蒂从安逸的凡尔赛宫中拖出来拉到了巴黎 as they dragged Louis and Marie Antoinette out of the safety of Versailles, to Paris.
他们说 皇后跟一个奥地利娼妓差不多 The queen, they said, was no better than an Austrian whore.
大卫也是这么认为的 David thought the same.
他这样写道 大伙儿应该把她掐死 然后碎尸万段 ''The rioters should have strangled her, cut the carcass to pieces, ''he wrote.
此时的他正处于一个武断与半信半疑的混乱状态 He was at this time an odd mix of dogma and uncertainty.
和其他同胞一样 他也认为皇后是一个祸水 Like millions of his countrymen, he thought the queen was a monster,
但是认为路易斯是个国王的念头在他脑海中又挥之不去 but he hadn't given up on the idea of Louis as citizen king.
他甚至签了约去为他绘制肖像 He even signed up to do a portrait of him.
所以 从政治角度上说他还是不够老练 So he was still very much a political ingenue,
直到他遇见了让-保罗.马拉 until, that is, he met the likes of him.
他是一个热气球驾驶者 失败的发明家 报纸编辑 性格狂热盲目 Jean-Paul Marat, balloonist, failed inventor, newspaper editor, fanatic.
他正呆在浴缸里 Here he is in his bath,
他生有皮肤病 身上满是鳞屑红斑 非常难受 the only place he could get respite from the excruciatingly itchy skin disease
只有在这里他的病痛才能得到缓解 that left him raw and scaly.
他兴奋起来有些竭斯底里 就像敲击中的一架鼓 Marat played on hysteria like a drum.
在他的文章“人民的朋友”中对那些虚伪的爱国者 His paper, The Friend of the People, yelled and cursed and denounced,
他都无情的加以揭露 谴责和诅咒 并称之为叛国者 ripping off the masks of false patriots whom he fingered as traitors.
他叫道 阴谋无处不在 ''There are plots everywhere, ''he screamed.
充斥着恐惧的大街小巷完全相信了这个阴谋论 The street, caught between fear and hyperventilation, ate up the conspiracy theories.
玛丽.安东尼蒂是一条坏心肠的母狗 Marie Antoinette, malevolent slut,
和她的弟弟奥地利国王阴谋对付法国 plotting with her brother, the Emperor of Austria, against France.
瞎想的吧 Imagine.
只不过它是真的 Except it was true.
1791年6月 两夫妇出逃未遂被抓回巴黎 In June, 1791 , the royal couple was caught in their escape bid
成了名副其实的囚犯 and taken back, virtual prisoners, to Paris.
看来即便是奥地利会侵略法国 其后果也不会发生在国王夫妇身上了 Austria threatened France with dire consequences should anything happen to the king and queen.
次年战争爆发 The following year, war broke out,
现在为法国而战就意味着为反对皇权而战 Now, the royal couple seem like the enemy within.
大家都已经动员起来 Everything is in motion.
每个人都渴望战斗 去战胜敌人 Everyone burns to fight. To conquer our enemies,
我们必须大胆大胆再大胆 法国就会得到拯救 we must have daring, more daring, always daring. And France will be saved!
在1792年8月 皇家卫队被屠杀了 In August, 1792, the guards protecting the royal family were slaughtered,
路易斯 玛丽.安东尼蒂和他们的孩子都被投入了监狱 Louis, Marie Antoinette and their children were taken to prison.
对暴君永远也不能妥协 必须得当头一棒才能奏效 One must never compromise with tyrants. One can only strike at kings through the head.
我支持执行死刑 I vote for death of the tyrant.
你也只不过是个凡人罢了 You're a very ordinary man.
1793年1月23日路易十六被处决了 On January 21st, 1793, Louis XVI was executed.
在新组成的国民大会 Among those in the newly formed National Convention
支持判决国王死刑的人中 who voted for the death of the monarch,
只有一个艺术家曾经从国王那里领取过酬金 was the artist who'd once taken commissions from him,
那就是雅克-路易·大卫 Jacques-Louis David.
因为新诞生的法国是个共和国 So France had been reborn as a republic,
大卫如今也是个模范市民 and David, now a model citizen,
作为一名巴黎下院议员 sat proudly on the benches of the convention as MP for Paris,
他也可以与自己的政治偶像马拉以及罗伯斯皮尔共同参加国民大会了 along with his political idols, Marat and Robespierre.
再也没有回头路可走了 There was no going back.
从此以后 大卫和他的艺术就属于大革命了 From now on, David and his art belonged to the Revolution.
大革命指向哪里 他就会打向哪里 Wherever it lead, he would follow,
而革命的方向却是专政 and where it lead was dictatorship.
战争中的法国可谓是内忧外患 The country was at war, its enemies were outside and inside France.
优柔寡断妇人之仁是不可取的 This was no time for tender feelings.
在大革命中人们都相互认为是朋友而非敌人 Countless people who had thought of themselves as friends,
但是如今许多人却被无端指责 not enemies, of the Revolution, were fingered and denounced.
首先遭到逮捕的是他的老朋友和赞助人 Among the first to be arrested were his old friends and patrons,
安东尼和玛丽-安妮.拉沃歇尔 Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier.
玛丽-安妮.拉沃歇尔最终得以幸免遇难 She survived the guillotine,
但是她的丈夫却没有 he didn't.
对于马拉和罗伯斯皮尔来说 人杀的再多他们也不会感到安全 For Marat and Robespierre, there could never be enough guillotined heads to feel safe.
在1789年 马拉的要求是杀几百人 In 1789, Marat had called for a few hundred.
如今则是几万人 Now, he called for hundreds of thousands.
必须得有人制止他 那个人就是夏绿蒂·科黛 Someone had to stop it, and that someone was Charlotte Corday,
她只有25岁 来自诺曼底地区的卡昂镇 25 years old, from the town of Caen in Normandy.
她并非保皇派 事实上她是个革命主义者 No royalist. A revolutionary, in fact.
但是对于马拉及其追随者来说 她却是个敌人 But a bitter enemy of Marat and his followers.
科黛认为专政就是对自由共和的一种嘲弄 The dictatorship, she thought, had made a mockery of the Republic of Liberty.
她义无反顾的成为了一名悲剧女英雄 目的是为了拯救她的祖国 She cast herself as a tragic heroine whose destiny was to save her country.
1793年7月9日 她坐上了一辆驶往巴黎的马车 On the 9th July, 1793, Charlotte Corday got on a coach bound for Paris.
当她到达后 她来到了这里准备进入皇宫 When she arrived, she came here to the Palais Royale,
她戴了一顶装饰有绿色羽毛的黑色帽子 随身揣了一把六英寸长的匕首 bought a black hat with green feathers and a six-inch knife.
在一家便宜的旅馆房间里 她写下了一封信 In a cheap hotel room, she wrote a speech
在信中她解释了要刺杀马拉的原因 explaining why she had to kill Marat and sewed it to her dress,
然后把这封信和她受洗礼的证明一起缝进了衣服里 along with her certificate of baptism.
在科黛进行着刺杀计划时 And as Corday was planning the murder,
大卫去拜访了马拉 David was paying his friend Marat a visit.
他发现在浴缸里的马拉支撑着身体 He found him propped up in his bath,
把一个木盒翻过来作为临时用的小桌 using an upturned wooden box as an improvised desk.
就这么点儿时间 他也不忘去谴责那些叛国者 So little time, so many traitors to denounce.
难道他就从来没有停下来休息一下吗 Did the Friend of the People ever rest from his patriotic toil?
次日 夏洛特.科黛来到位于方济会修士街马拉的寓所 The next day, Charlotte Corday walked over to Marat's house on the rue des Cordeliers.
因为无法进去 她试图传递一个便条警告马拉有阴谋要发生 Barred at the door, she tried delivering a handwritten note warning him about plots,
希望他会上当 但是没有奏效 hoping he was gonna rise to the bait. No reply.
当晚 她又试作了一次尝试 That evening, she tried again.
当她到达时 刚好有两个人来送面包和报纸 As she arrived, two men were delivering bread and newspapers.
她趁机溜了进去 She was in.
科黛假装是个告密者 她拿出一份叛国者的名单 Corday pretended she was an informer and gave Marat a list of traitors.
他说 用不了一周我就把他们都送上断头台 ''I will have them guillotined in a week'', he said.
然后事情就发生了 And that was it.
科黛抽出匕首 刺入了马拉的胸膛 Out came the knife, straight into Marat's chest.
这位“人民的朋友”已经离革命而去了 So the Friend of the People was lost to the Revolution.
不管是真的还是假的 Inside the National Convention, grief-stricken deputies cried their eyes out,
国民大会里的代表们是嚎啕大哭 authentically or not.
我认为他们现在最迫切的愿望是马拉能再次回到他们身边 What they most wanted, I think, was for Marat to come back to them.
快回来吧 回来吧 我们需要您 法国需要您 ''Come back, come back. We need you, all of France needs you.''
然后有一位最富戏剧性的代表蹦出来吼道 And then one of the most theatrical deputies rose to his feet and shouted,
大卫 你在哪里 这里有个活儿要你做 ''David, where are you? There is one more job for you.''
此时肿脸颊的大卫奇迹般的不再口吃了 And David of the swollen cheek miraculously found his voice.
我来干 I shall do it.
他说道 交给我吧 ''I shall do it, ''he said.
我将为马拉创作一幅作品 ''I will paint Marat. '' 这是种色差 It's an aberration.
这是一个被仁慈诚实和无私的爱国心美化的形象 Here was someone transfigured by goodness, honesty and patriotic selflessness.
大卫说 看着他 你就会看到那种最高形式的人性 ''Look upon him,'' David is saying, ''And you will see the highest type of humanity.''
当然 他把马拉的尸体清洗干净了 He's cleaned Marat up, of course.
他的肤色是一种类似石头的冷色 The skin has the colour of cool stone,
伤口也不能忽略 同时也得处理的十分精巧 the wound is unmissable, yet at the same time almost delicate,
就像是圣十字架上基督受难的伤口 like the incision in the side of Christ on the cross.
白色布单就像是基督的裹尸布 The white sheets seem shroud-like,
它幽灵般的裹着马拉 ghostly wrappings of the great man as he hovers between our world and posterity.
这是一幅用于礼拜祭祀的作品 It's a cult image,
我称之为一次革命 the first Revolutionary I calls.
它是为了让你相信某些东西 and it tells you to believe.
其精妙之处在于事实上它是在告诉人们一个故事 Its genius lies in the fact that it's also a story for the people.
曾经以来 这位英雄并非罗马人 但他确实他们其中一员 For once, the hero isn't Roman, he's one of them.
对于高唱马赛曲的人们来说 这是第一幅称得上伟大的作品 It's the first great work for the faces in the crowd,
我们几乎能感受得到大卫当时的想象内容 You can almost feel David imagining whole families in front of this painting,
那就像是一个把面对这幅画的人群视为自己的孩子的父亲在诉说着 看吧 这里就是我的墨水池 a father saying to his children, ''Look, there's his inkwell."
还有阴险的科黛带来的那封信 上面沾满了伟人马拉的鲜血 ''Look, there's the letter of the wicked Corday, stained with the blood of the good Marat.''
作品并没有展示马拉寓所面貌的意思 But David is not showing the letter that got Corday into Marat's house,
没有十字交叉挂在墙上的手枪 也没有仿造的柱子 No crossed pistols hanging on the wall, no fake columns.
在画面整个上部代之以的是模糊松散的一笔 Instead, the entire top half of the painting is filled with loose, feathery strokes
那可以是墙壁或者仅仅是模模糊糊的空间 that could be wall or just indeterminate space.
那代表的是永恒 The space of forever.
但是那个盒子 带着木质条纹 显得很坚硬 But then that box, grainy, solid.
盒子仿佛在说 他是你们中的一员 他也很贫穷 也受过苦难 ''He was one of you, '' the box says. ''One of the poor and suffering.
但是你们却不能达到他这样的高度 ''But now you can't reach him.''
没有人可以 除非通过这幅画 ''No one can, except through this. ''
但是当你看得入神的时候 But even while you're held spellbound,
你内心会发出另一个声音 别着急 another voice inside your head says, ''Hold on a minute,''
这是一种最纯洁的魔力 ''this is the purest witchcraft.''
大卫的目的是去美化一个偏执狂 What David has done here is to glorify a paranoid,
这个偏执狂的最大满足就是去迫害那些 whose greatest satisfaction was the persecution of thousands of people
对政治冷淡的人 whose only crime was to be lukewarm about politics.
这无疑是恐怖的帮凶 This is an accomplice of terror.
当然 这永远不会发生在背叛了艺术的大卫身上 Of course, it never occurred to David that he was betraying art.
他也许会说 噢 不 我是在践行艺术最高尚的目标 ''Oh, no,'' he would have said.'' I'm fulfilling its highest, noblest purpose,
即道德的再教育 ''that of moral re-education.''
这与教堂里悬挂的那些祭坛装饰没有什么两样 ''That's what all those altarpieces that once hung in churches did,''
但是那些东西都是谎言和童话 ''but those were all lies and fairytales.''
我们现在有了一座新的‘教堂’ 那是关于革命的美德的 ''We have a new church now, the church of revolutionary virtue. ''
那么我为什么会喜欢大卫呢 So why do I like David?
其实我并不喜欢他 他是个怪物 Well, I don't. He's a monster.
但是他能让信念的烈焰在冰中燃起 But he makes ideas blaze in dry ice.
而这一切的关键是什么呢 And what was the point of it all?
其实 这是对机智 闲谈和善意的玩笑的报复 Well, it's a revenge on wit, on chat and on banter.
而且还不仅仅如此 But it was more than that.
这是一种让那些观看这幅作品的人成为有道德的良好市民的艺术 This is art designed to make those who saw it virtuous citizens.
而且它是如此的完美 如此的富有悲剧色彩又富有诗意 以至于你几乎真的要相信了 And it's all so perfect, so tragic, so poetic you almost believe it.
但是如同许多增进人性仁慈的艺术技巧一样 But like a lot of art designed to improve humanity,
它也有反作用 it has the opposite effect.
因为它是一个谎言 Because it's a lie.
在马拉遇刺后过了三个月 Three months after the assassination of Marat,
1793年10月 玛丽.安东尼蒂被送上了断头台 on October 16th, 1793, Marie Antoinette went to the guillotine.
大卫看着押运她的囚车经过街道 David saw her tumbrel going down the street,
人们摩拳擦掌 while people spat in their hands
都使劲儿想往这个曾经的皇后身上吐唾沫 and tried to throw the gobs on the woman who'd been queen.
对于这位皇后 大卫无动于衷 He sketched her impassively.
但是在玛丽.安东尼蒂的命运中得到了更为重要的东西 But David's got more important things on his mind than the fate of Marie Antoinette.
他如今已是大革命宣传部主任 He's now the official director of revolutionary propaganda,
他全身心投入了工作 其它事情一概不管 to the exclusion of practically everything else.
当妻子对他这种热情表示不赞成时，他便与妻子离了婚 When his wife disapproved of his zeal, he divorced her.
如今大卫已经成了一个执行者 他坐在安全委员会办公室里 David has become an enforcer, sitting on the Committee for General Security,
他对那些革命立场不坚定者穷追不舍直至抓获 然后便签署他们的死刑授权书 hunting down the treacherously half-hearted, signing warrants for their execution.
恐怖蔓延开来 The terror had begun,
大卫也成了杀人机器的一部分 and David had become part of the great engine of killing.
而且随着杀戮愈发不可收拾 And as the tempo of the guillotine got faster,
大卫忙于筹划场面更为壮观的公众展示来教育民众 David busied himself with ever more extravagant spectacles to educate the people.
数千人一起高唱颂歌 在巴士底狱竖立雕像 Casts of thousands, massed singing virgins, statues on the site of the Bastille.
一个“上帝”的庆祝日 Two women, then, the good mother and the bad Corday.
主角是大革命的大祭司罗伯斯皮尔 starring the high priest of the Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre.
最终 大卫为自己的成功付出了代价 In the end, David was a victim of his own success.
那个发动战争的精明人深谙枪炮和面包的才是主角 The hard-nosed men who were running the war knew that bread and guns mattered,
圣女和鸽子则不值一提 and virgins and doves didn't.
所以大卫并不仅仅是个娱乐而是个威胁（有些喧宾夺主） 所以必须得除掉 So David wasn't just a distraction, he was a menace. Get rid of him.
而且大卫的垮台与罗伯斯皮尔的命运也有着千丝万缕的联系 And David's downfall was inextricably linked to the fate of Robespierre.
渐渐的 人们不再认为罗伯斯皮尔是革命的救世主 Increasingly, Robespierre was spoken of
而是个暴君 not as saviour of the Revolution, but tyrant,
而大卫则是这个暴君的粉饰者 所以不可避免的要随着暴君灭亡 and David, the window-dresser of his tyranny, was going down with him.
罗伯斯皮尔在国民大会上受到攻讦 有人喊出了那个可怕的字眼 无法无天的 Robespierre was attacked in the Convention, the dreaded words ''outside the law'' uttered.
大卫此时对大家表明了 Incredulous, David made a spectacle of himself.
他叫道 哥们儿别怕 ''Robespierre,'' he shouted.
如果你喝毒药 我就和你一起喝 ''If you drink the hemlock, I will drink it with you. ''
但是他当然没有这样做 But of course, he didn't.
次日 大卫突然身体不适 所以错过了殉难的机会 The next day, David was suddenly indisposed, so he missed his own date with martyrdom.
当罗伯斯皮尔被送上断头台时 大卫并没有在他身边 He was not there beside Robespierre when he was guillotined
铡刀落处 人头落地 and the blade at last came down on the terror.
但是他们并没有放过大卫 But they came for David, nonetheless.
他被判定为艺术的暴君 大卫尝试为自己辩护 Vilified as tyrant of the arts, David tried to stammer a defence.
没有人搞清楚他在说什么 但是人们都注意到了他脸色的苍白 No one could understand what he was saying, but they noticed how pale he was,
冷汗浸透衣衫 滴到了地板上 how the sweat ran through his clothes and dripped onto the floor.
在监狱里他设法搞到了一些颜料 为自己画了一幅肖像 In prison, he managed to get hold of some paints and he painted this self-portrait.
你能看到那个著名的肿块 以及他那扭曲的脸庞 You can see the famous tumour and the twist it gives to his face,
但是真相远远没有结束 but that's as far as the truth goes.
因为我们看到的肯定不是那个宣传大师 Because what we're seeing is not the old propaganda master, that's for sure,
而是那个意气风发的年轻大卫 but young David, 20 years at least taken off,
一脸天真 头发飘扬 all innocent, hair romantically dishevelled,
敞开的外套 展示的是他那颗透明纯净的心 coat open to expose his pure, transparent heart.
他正在拨弄着调色板和画笔 And he's done himself with palette and brushes.
他仿佛在说 为什么是我呢 ''Why me?'' it says.
我只不过是区区一个画家 ''I'm just a painter. ''
是的 没错儿 Yeah, right.
入了歧途 是吧 难道只是尽了些本分 Led astray, were you? Just doing your job?
我不这么认为 I don't think so.
但是猜猜会发生什么事情呢 这种恳求手段奏效了 But guess what? The art plea worked.
大卫被释放了 David got out of prison,
然后他花了一整年时间去创作了这幅无可争议的肖像作品 and spent the next years doing spectacular, uncontroversial portraits like this.
这就是他的妹夫赛里齐阿特夫先生 Monsieur Seriziat, his brother-in-law.
这就是英勇的大革命现在的模样 This is what the Revolution of the virtuous had become,
共和国的三色旗变成了一个时尚装饰品 the Republican tricolour reduced to a fashion accessory.
而且当他创作历史题材的作品时 都是在恳求制止暴力杀戮 When he does do history paintings, they're pleas to stop killing.
大卫作品的政治意味渐渐淡去 对吗 No more politics, then, for Jacques-Louis David, right?
绝对错 Wrong.
那个内心深处的恶魔从来就没有离开 The old demon never really goes away.
一旦被权力所侵噬 你就会终生期待着被侵噬 Once bitten by power, you stay bitten.
既然能粉饰马拉 为什么就不能去粉饰拿破仑呢 He airbrushed Marat, why shouldn't he airbrush Napoleon?
当拿破仑于1805年被加冕时 When Napoleon was crowned emperor in 1805,
大卫马上就投靠了他 David was slavishly at his side, official glamoriser.
但是当拿破仑被击败后 君主政体又恢复了 But then, of course, Napoleon was defeated, the monarchy restored.
众多拿破仑支持者都被赦免了 Lots of Napoleon-lovers were forgiven,
除了大卫 but not David.
因为他做了一些不可宽恕的事情 He'd done something that could never be forgiven.
就是这个 He'd done this,
这是关于一个恐怖制造者的一幅声名狼藉的作品 the most notorious image produced by the terror.
法国已经受够了雅克-路易·大卫 France had had enough of Jacques-Louis David.
他被驱逐出境 最终客死布鲁塞尔 Banished from his own country, David ended up here in Brussels,
在那里他龙困浅水 where he did paintings of increasingly high-gloss weirdness,
以画些风景画和肖像为生 a big fish in a very small pond.
在法国 人们则把他当作一个老古董来谈论 In France, they mostly talked about him as a back number,
噢 大卫 就是那个“布鲁斯”是吧 他死了没有啊 ''Oh, David, Brutus and all that. Isn't he dead?''
当他真的于1825年12月去世时 When he did die, in December, 1825,
法国政府禁止他的家人把尸体运回国内安葬 the government in Paris refused permission for his family to bring the body home.
弑君犯上者是不会受到宽恕的 No king-killers allowed.
如今尽管大卫的作品公开出售 David's paintings, though, were up for sale.
此前这些作品也都得以公开展览 但是唯独“马拉之死”这幅作品没有 Before that, they were put on public display. Not, however, the notorious Marat.
它被保存在大卫儿子的家里 That was kept under guard at the artist's son's house.
并由私家卫队看守 Admission by private arrangement.
如果你能看上一眼 你就会明白个中缘由了 And you take a look at it and you know why.
如果真有幅作品能够体现出那种致死的美丽的话 If ever there was a work of art that says that beauty can be lethal,
那无疑就是大卫的这幅作品 马拉之死 it's Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat.